About building a console solution
As a developer, you might want to write an application that is independent of the ArcGIS for Desktop suite of applications to allow you to provide data processing or analysis without a graphical user interface (GUI) component. Your application's users will then be able to automate or schedule the running of the task.
For example, if you have a large set of data that is updated daily and needs to be processed nightly without user interaction, a console solution is the best approach.